| This study investigates the application of finely ground basalt rock as a soil amendment in permanent grassland systems, with a particular focus on its potential to enhance CO₂ sequestration through enhanced weathering and its effects on soil properties, plant productivity, and nutrient dynamics. The research was conducted as a multi-year field experiment on Austrian grassland, including different treatment variants (control, slurry, basalt, and basalt combined with slurry).
The results demonstrate that basalt application primarily acts as an indirect soil amendment rather than a direct nutrient source. While the highest absolute yields were observed under organic fertilization, the combined application of basalt and slurry resulted in the strongest relative yield increase, suggesting a synergistic effect. This response is largely attributed to improved nutrient use efficiency and a pronounced increase in legume abundance, which enhanced nitrogen dynamics and forage quality.
From a soil chemical perspective, basalt application led to a sustained increase in pH, thereby influencing nutrient availability and stimulating biological processes. However, no evidence was found for a direct increase in readily available phosphorus pools, indicating that observed changes in nutrient uptake are mainly driven by biological and compositional shifts within the plant – soil system rather than by simple geochemical release.
Regarding climate mitigation, the study confirms the fundamental mechanisms of enhanced weathering but highlights substantial limitations under field conditions. Despite a high theoretical CO₂ sequestration potential of the applied basalt, no measurable net CO₂ removal via bicarbonate export was observed over the study period. This is primarily attributed to the retention of released cations and alkalinity within the soil system, which limits short-term carbon export and storage. Consequently, climate benefits are likely constrained on short timescales.
A key uncertainty relates to the long-term evolution of the soil system. Increasing saturation of sorption sites may alter cation mobility and alkalinity export in the future, potentially enhancing CO₂ sequestration. Additional uncertainties concern changes in soil organic matter dynamics and site-specific processes such as solute transport and biogeochemical reactions, which could not be conclusively resolved within the scope of the study. |