| Monitoring soil moisture using terrestrial methods is a key element of hydrographic infrastructure at national and regional levels. Long-term observations are especially valuable for detecting trends related to climate change. Since the 1990s, Austrian Hydrography has operated a growing monitoring network that integrates various technologies developed over the years. Ongoing technical progress has broadened methodological options and data processing capabilities, alongside rising expectations for clear communication of results.
In the BowAT project, a forward-looking operational concept was developed based on a thorough evaluation of the existing network. It covers the full chain from measurement and data acquisition to standardized management and meaningful analysis.
By the end of 2024, the network will include 51 active profiles at 33 locations across Austria. Most sites support remote data transmission, allowing centralized collection. Quality assessments showed variable results; however, most data were deemed reliable after correction. As past correction methods lacked reproducibility, a new semi-automated quality control process was introduced. Detailed recommendations outline future-proof data management.
To fully utilize the monitoring data, three standard evaluation methods were established: a) derivation of key site indicators from time series at different depths, b) a soil water model for plausibility checks and gap filling, and c) a regionalization method using point data for broader assessments.
Network expansion was also addressed. A pilot station was designed using cost-efficient, modern hardware, paired with clear installation and maintenance guidelines. These ensure data reliability by accounting for external influences.
Furthermore, integration of external data was explored. A national survey showed strong interest from over 100 operators. Underrepresented areas in the current network were identified, guiding future expansion to enhance spatial coverage.
The report concludes with prioritized actions to modernize and sustain the network. Integrating quality-controlled data into a harmonized system — combining models, regionalization, and remote sensing — supported by visual tools, will strengthen monitoring and enable innovative research. |